BHIC-105: History of India - 3
Assignment 2022-23
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1. The Genealogy and biography important sources for the reconstruction of early medical history. discuss.
Ans: Yes genealogical am biography on very important sources for the reconstruction of the early mediaeval history because of the following reasons:
Genealogy as an important historical sources:
• Genealogy means the lineage history about the dynasty, which provides a solid information about the kingdoms. we can also described it as vamshavallis.
• in the indian history me have a lot of literally in which among many are biography and accounts.
• With the Genealogy records we got a deep and personal details about the dynastie and their relationship with their clans.
Coming to the other point that is Biographies are an important historical sources, yes it is because of the following reasons:
• There were three kinds of historical writing: charitas, prasastis and vamshavallis. Charitas were historical biographies.
• The most notable biography is the the Baanbhatt's Harsha Charita. The Biography is about the Harshavardhan of Kannauj.
• One of the main fact is that they function more as literature, although there were an important historical sources.
• A large number of polities were emerging at that time, mentioned in the Biographies.
• Due to the grouth of Bhakti sects, biographies have seen as centrality of individuals king or rulers.
• Biographies has became very important because it gives insight to the political events.
• One of the famous biographies in which Dharma Pal is also eulogized as the king Kanyakubja.
Genealogy are the writing of dynasties, personal and detailed. Writing in the context of royal family. While Biographies are story of a particular king and Kingdoms.
While Biographies are sometimes eulogized.
Hence, at last we could conclude that both biographies and Genealogical sources are very important for reconstructing Indian Mediaeval History.
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Q.2. Describe the policy and achievement of the Pala dynasty in the early medical period.
Ans: Pala dynasty was founded by Gopala emperor. Pala dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Bengal in the indian subcontinent at that time. The empire named after their bore name "Pala" the protector.
The empire was founded after the election of gopala as the emperor of Gauda in the late 18th century AD.
Centre of the empire war early Bengal region. Major powerpoint of administration where patliputra, Gauda, Vikrampura, Monghyr, Somapura, Varanda, and Tamralipta.
The Polity of Pala Dynasty is described below:
As we all know Pala period was considered one of the greatest empire of the time which golden history with establishment of Pala dynasty there was a huge prosperity and established stability. Both have been seen in the eastern part of early India.
• As per historians Pala king gave land grants to priest and brahmanas and temples. Although this grants where permanent for the maintenance of the temples.
• Pala also donated grands to Buddhist monasteries.
• the palas gave brand especially to keep maintenance of law and order and administration of justice.
• According to Pala records, Pala dynasty also donated land grant to patients and also known as Kaivartas.
• Royal officials are mentioned in the inscription who seen to have administered the kingdom comprising of Bengal and Bihar.
• the Palas administered the Empire under several parts of the state or located that is Patli Putra Mugdagiri Gouda etc. these are all located near the river Ganga.
All of the above where the polity of Pala dynasty. Next we will talk about the notable achievements of para dynasty:
• Pala dynasty was greatly expanded by Dharmpala and Devpala under gopala imperial. One of the notable achievement is that Dharmapala gained power over North India after Govinda left for the Deccan.
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Q.3. Write an essay on the development of language and literature in the period from 752 1200 CE.
Ans: The period between 752c marks the emergence and spread of Sanskrit language throughout the Indian subcontinent along with the emergence of numerous regional vernaculars.
Sanskrit was among the major language practice in the country and elites and it is only confined to handful of learned people. Sanskrit was one of the preferred language to write Brahmanical philosophy, biography, regionally and especially the Vedanta and Mimamsa texts.
The famous Jain polymeth composed by Davyasraykavya and Parisoshta parvan. Sanskrit was major medium for writing texts for official works.
Sanskrit one of the main languages for composing charitras and life stories of prominent personalities especially in North India. Sanskrit was the main language for official works. The significant point is that both Sanskrit and regional language used prominently.
Prominent work mainly published by South India, Bengal, Mithila and western India. India played the leading role in the production of Sanskrit literary works. Sanskrit language was mainly patronized by Vijayanagar kings.
In the western India Rajput rulers patronized Sanskrit poets. Sanskrit poets in western India wrote family history of the Rajput kings. Some of the famous Sanskrit works such as Prithvirajavijaya and Hammir mahakavya are well known.
Last number of semi historical text where also written in the context of historical Kavyas. The prabhandhas were legendary and hagiographical material but some of them, such as Merutunga's Orabandha Kasha.
On the whole, however it must be pointed out that despite voluminous production the Sanskrit literature of the sultanate period had lost much of it original vitality, creativity and the bulk of the literature remained unaffected by the intellectual developments of the age.
The major downfall of the Sanskrit language was seen after the Turkish invasion. Because of the Turkish invasion the bond and allience between Brahmana and Rajput abolished.
Following this the supremacy of Sanskrit language has been declined very much.
• Sanskrit continued to be used as the language of the following class. Sanskrit was still used at administrative level. Through this language has became verbs and decorative.
• in interior tribal areas of aryan and pre-Aryan languages where used. But Brahmanas forced various forms of Sanskrit onto the existing Aryan and pre- Aryan. This consequently gave birth to regional languages.
• Brahmanas who migrated from place to place systematised the local dialects into languages.
• Writing and grammar based on Sanskrit was introduced into this languages. By 7th century regional languages become much pronounced. And to decipher a single regional language, one had to learn several scripts.
Regional cultures during Early Mediaeval Period:
• During this period period various culture units like Andhra, Assam, Bengal Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamilnadu etc. existed.
• During the sixth century Rajput emerged with local tribes and absorption of Hunas and other foreign elements into Brahminical society. This game rise to the formation of Rajputana and Rajasthan.
• Bengal was divided into West Bengal (Gauda) and East Bengal (Vanga). Later whole Bengal come to known as Vanga.
• Given-tsang also mentioned about the prevalence of various nationalities in Indian Sub-continent during 6th Century.
• Even in Southern parts of India, regional cultures became popular after decline of Pallavas are rise of Cholas.
Assignment II
Q. 4. Write a note on the Bhakti traditions of South India. [Answer Reference Taken] [Information Accumulate]
Ans: Bhakti movement started from South India by Alvars and Nayanars. Alvaras are the devotees of Lord Shiva. These devotees travelled to various places singing hymns in praise of their Gods. Many temples were built became sacred places of pilgrimage. Some of the Bhakti Movement are given below.
• Evil practices in Hinduism
• Fear of spread of Islam
• Caste System
• Complicated ritualism
• Need for fulfilling method of worship and Salvation.
What where the main principle of Bhakti Movement?
Some of the main principle of Bhakti Movement are given below:
• God is one
• All men are equal
• Give up caste practices
• Devotion is more important than rituals.
What are the effects of Bhakti Movement?
• Introduced social giving like seva
• Introduced Dana charity
• Community kitchens with free food
• Believed in non violence Ahimsa
• Helping poor farmers and feeding poor people
• Providing free hostels for poor people
Promoting folk culture.
Bhakti movement was essentially founded in South India and leaders spread to North India during the later medieval period. This movement itself is a historical is spiritual phenomenal that crystallized in South India during the late antiquity.
It was a spear headed by devotional mistakes later revered as Hindu saints. The Bhakti movement in South India was spare headed by 63 nayanars and 12 alwars who disregarded the austerities preached personal devotees to god as a means of salvation.
This saints some of whom were also women. Who spoke and wrote local languages like Tamil and Telugu and travel widely to spread the message of love and devotion to everyone irrespective of caste colour and creed.
South India 75 apostles of Bhakti is the 12th Alwar and 63 Nayanars. They were all great devotees of the lord most of home come from Tamil regions whom come from Tamil regions. Sambandar and Sundarar were authors of the tevaram collection of standard Saivite canonical literature.
Manikkavachakar of the 9th and perhaps early 10th century was the fourth of this illustration group of Saiva Bhakti. Kannappa Nayanars Karaikkal ammai, Kochengar cholan and few others listed among the Saiva saints. Belonged to pre 6th century while the rest lived between then and the late 8th century.
The Bhakti movement specially it's Saivite wings set out to achieve two purposes and their equally oneruos. The first was to stem a heretical tide of the mass popularity of Jainism and Buddhism and to reclaim the people to of Hindu Orthodoxy.
Q.5. describe the role of merchant association in the growth of craft, trade and urbanization. [Answer Reference]
Ans: The garland of Madurai calls the street broad rivers of people who buy and sale in marketplace. The importance of shopkeepers is indicated by the repetition of the term apna in the description of the city Sakala. It shop appeared as field with various type of cloth appear is filled with various type of Kashi kodumbara and elsewhere.
Many many artisans and merchants where organised into guilds called shreni and ayatana but how this organisation function is indicated neither in the mahavastu nor in the Milinda- Pancho. Both merchants and craftmen were divided into high, low, and middle ranks.
The Buddhist text mention the Sreshti who was the chief merchant of The nigama and the Sarthavaha. The caravan leader who was the head of the corporation of merchants (vanijgramo). It also speaks of nearly half a dozen petty merchants called vanija.
The dealt in fruits roots, cooked food, sugar, bark, cloth, shapes of corn or grass, and bamboo. We also here of many shopkeepers in Tamil text they sold sweet cakes send it powder fatal quotes and flower garlands.
Crafts and Craftmen:
Although a substantial number of non producing people concentrated in the cities. The age of Shakas, Kushana, and Satawahanas and the first Tamil state was the most flourishing period in the history of crafts and commerce and ancient India.We do not hear of the many kinds of artisans in the early text as mentioned in the writings of the period in the history of crafts and commerce in ancient India.
The Digha nikay which related to the pre-mortal times mentions nearly do dozen of occupations. The mahavastu which relates to this period categories 36 kind of workers living in the town of Rajgir and the list is not enthusiastic.
Trade Routes and Centres:
The most important economic development of the period was driving trade between India and the eastern Roman empire. Initially a substantial amount of this trade was conducted overland but the movement of the Shakas and kushanas destruptive overland trade.
All those parthens of Iran imported iron and steel from India. The presented great obstacles to India trade with the lands further west of Iran. The first directly done from the north to the South linking takshila with the lower end the spacing from it past on to broch.
Urban Growth:
The growing craft and commerce and the increasing use of money promoted the prosperity of numerous towns during the period. Important towns in North India such as Vaishali, Patliputra, Varanasi, Kaushambi, Hastinapur, and Mathura, and Indraprastha are mentioned.
Literally text and some of them are also describe by the Chinese pilgrims. Most of them florist during the Kushan period in the first and second centuries. Exhibition have revealed superior construction have revealed superior period of the Kushan age.
Several sites in Bihar suggest Chirand, Panr, Sonpur and Mason. Others in eastern UP Sohgura, Bhita, Kaushambi, Shringavernrapur and Mason saw prosperous Kushanas faces similarly. Many other sides in the Western areas throne in Kushanas times.
The exhibition at Sonkh in Mathura reveal as many as 7 levels of the Kushanas phase and only one of the Gupta Phase. Current exhibition shows Sachman Kot, 50Km from Lucknow, to be the largest Kushan town in Northern India. The most important town was Ujjain as the nodal point of two routes, one from Kaushambi and other from Mathura.
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BHIC-105 Free Full Solved Assignment 2023 | Free Solved Assignment IGNOU
BHIC-105 Free Full Solved Assignment 2023 | Free Solved Assignment IGNOU
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